non études en russe et en anglais.
autre résumé du résultat de ces recherches :
Antisemitism in the Russian Empire existed both culturally and institutionally. The Jews were restricted to live within the Pale of Settlement,[13] and suffered pogroms. As a result, many Jews supported gradual or revolutionary changes within the
Russian Empire. Those movements ranged among the far left (
Jewish Anarchism,
Bundists,
Bolsheviks,
Mensheviks) and moderate left (
Trudoviks) and constitutionalist (
Constitutional Democrats) parties.
According to the 1922 Bolshevik party census, there were
19,564 Jewish Bolsheviks, comprising 5.21% of the total, and in the 1920s of the 417 members of the Central Executive Committee, the party Central Committee, the Presidium of the Executive of the Soviets of the USSR and the Russian Republic, the People's Commissars, 6% were ethnic Jews. Between 1936 and 1940, during the
Great Purge,
Yezhovshchina and after the
rapprochement with Nazi Germany,
Stalin had largely eliminated Jews from senior party, government, diplomatic, security and military positions.
Some scholars have grossly exaggerated Jewish presence in the Soviet Communist Party. For example,
Alfred Jensen said that in the 1920s "75 per cent of the leading Bolsheviks" were "of Jewish origin". According to Aaronovitch, "a cursory examination of membership of the top committees shows this figure to be an
absurd exaggeration".